Back to Chapter 3
 

1. Accidental gaps - Gaps in a languages inventory of forms that correspond to non-occurring but possible forms.
 

2. Allophone - Phonetically similar variants which are frequently found in complementary distribution.p68
 

3. Allophonic distribution - certain elements are predictable under certain systematically stateable phonetic conditions. (The non-low tense vowels of English are predictably followed by a glide that has the same backness and rounded ness as the vowel)
 

4. Allophonic variation - every speech sound we utter is an allophone of some phoneme and can be grouped together with other phonetically similar sounds into a class that is represented by a phoneme on a phonological level of representation.
 

5. Alpha rules - whenever the alpha is used in a rule, it must have the same value wherever it occurs.
 

6. Ambisyllabicitv - the simultaneous presence of a segment in two adjoining syllables. Example: upper, happy. The consonants are all preceded b a stressed syllable. It causes the "stop" not to be aspirated.
 

7. Anterior - any sound articulated in front of the alveopalatal region is considered to be [+anterior] [p b t ds z e
 

8. Assimilation - the influence of one segment on another, resulting in a sound becoming more like a nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics (e.g., in English, vowels become nasal if followed by a nasal consonant).
 

9. Autosegmental representation - presentation of the spread of individual features from one 'segment to another.
 

10. Autosegmental principles - rules that account for phonological processes including rules that associate features to segments and segments to features and rules that prohibit the crossing of association lines.
 

11. Autosegments - the features themselves. The label suggests that each feature has a certain autonomy in its operation.
 

12. Back - Any sound articulated behind the palatal region in the oral cavity. [uoakg]
 

13. Class node - represents each feature grouping in the feature hierarchy or simply node. The node symbol is a small circle: o
 

14. Closed syllable - a syllable with Coda
 

15. - consists of those elements that follow the nucleus in the same syllable. Remaining consonants to the right of each nucleus. Build Onsets before Coda.
 

16. Complementary distribution - when a voiced letter never occurs in the same phonetic environment as a voiceless one (and vic versa) (1). 'ls are phonologically the same.
 

17. Consonantal - a major class feature that characterizes sounds produced with a major obstruction in the vocal tract. [p b s z 3 1 m n 1)]
 

18. Constricted glottis - [CG] A laryngeal feature that characterizes sounds made with the glottis closed
 

19. Continuant - A manner feature that characterizes sounds made with free or nearly free airflow through the oral cavity: vowels, fricatives, glides, and liquids. It does not include the lateral liquid 1.
 

20. Contrast - segments are said to contrast (or to be distinctive or be in opposition) when their presence alone may distinguish forms with different meanings from each other.
 

21. Coronal - a place feature that characterizes sounds made with the tongue tip or blade raised.
 

22. Delayed release - [DR] All and only affricate consonants such as [] are delayed release.
 

23. Deletion - a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts (e.g., fifths -- fifs.
 

24. Derivations - the set of steps or rule applications that results in the formation of a phonetic representation from an underlying form in phonology.
 

25. Distinctive feature - a feature that serves to distinguish contrastive forms (e.g., the feature [voice] is distinctive in English because it underlies the contrast between /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/, etc)
 

26. Dorsal features - Features that represent placement of the body of the tongue.
 

27. Environment - phonetic context in which a sound occurs.
 

28. Epenthesis - involves the insertion of a segment into a sequence of other segments.
 

29. Feature - unit of phonological structure that make up segments. P86 Thought of as the smallest building blocks (MOST BASIC PHONOLOGICAL UN IT) of phonological structure, corresponding as they do to articulatory or acoustic categories such as [voice] or [strident].
 

30. Feature hierarchy - a representation of how features are related to each other.
 

31. Feeding - rules are said to be in a feeding order when the application of one rule creates an environment that makes possible the application of another rule that could otherwise not apply.
 

32. Free (unordered) rule application - unordered application of rules in a derivation.
 

33. Free variation - when there is no change in meaning by pronouncing a final consonant differently if it is phonetically similar and they are allophones of the same phoneme. Stop In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops and voiced allophones elsewhere.
 

34. High - Sounds produced with the tongue body raised are considered [+high]. This applies to both vowels and consonants. [i u j k g]
 

35. Labial - Any sound articulated with one or both lips is [+labial] [p b f v w]
 

36. Laryngeal features - features that represent states of the larynx
 

37. Laryngeal node - branch out features that express voicing states.
 

38. Lateral - All and only varieties of 1 are [+lateral]
 

39. Low - Vowels made with the tongue body distinctly lowered from a central position in the
oral cavity are [+low].
 

40. Major class features - features that represent the classes consonant, obstruent and sonorant (nasal, liquid, glide, and vowel).
 

41. Manner features - Features that represent manner of articulation
 

42. Manner node - branches out into features that relate to general manner of articulation.
 

43. Matrix - the representation of a segment with features that can be initially accomplished by placing the features of each segment in an array.
 

44. Minimal pair - consists of two forms with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form. (Sip -- Zip -- differ only by the initial sound) There are no minimal pairs for [h] and [f)] or for [~]
 

45. Nasal - Any sound made with the velum lowered is [+nasal]
 

46. Natural class - classes of sounds that share a feature or features such as voiceless stops,, glides, high vowels, nasal consonants, and so on.
 

47. Node - short for class node whose symbol is a small circle: o. They serve a dual purpose in the hierarchy. They function as labels for natural classes of features -- hence labels like laryngeal node, place node, and manner node. Second like features themselves, may be referred to directly when making statements about processes.
 

48. Nucleus - the syllables only obligatory member. It is the syllabic element that forms the core of a syllable.
 

49. Onset - is made up of those elements that precede the rhyme in the same syllable. The longest sequence of consonants to the left of each nucleus that does not violate the phonotactic constraints of the language in question. P80
 

50. Phoneme - contrastive phonological unit in which predictable variants of certain segments are grouped together.
 

51. Phonemic transcription - A type of transcription of sounds where phonetic details are ignored and only phonemic contrast is recorded.
 

52. Phonetic transcription - a type of transcription of sounds where not only phonemic differences but also phonetic details are recorded.
 

53. Phonetically conditioned variation - sound change that begins as subtle alterations in the sound pattern of a language in particular phonetic environments.
 

54. Phonological rules - rules that relate the underlying forms of words to their phonetic forms.
 

55. Phonology - the component of a grammar made up of the elements and principles that determine how sounds vary and pattern in a language. Attempts to discover general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds in human language.
 

56. Phonotactics - the set off constraints on how sequences of segments pattern. They form part of a speakers knowledge off the phonology of his or her language.
 

57. Place features - Features that represent place of articulation
 

58. Place node - branches out into major place features.
 

59. Reduced - Only the schwa ([e]) is [+reduced]
 

60. Representations - graphic presentations of feature changes.
 

61. Rhyme - is made up of the nucleus and coda of a syllable.
 

62. Root node - the highest node under which all major class features are grouped. The root node defines whether a segment in question is a vowel, consonant, or glide.
 

63. Round. Rounded vowels and the rounded labiovelar glide [w].. Sounds that are [+round} are made by protruding the lips; therefore, all [+round] sounds are also [+labial]
 

64. Sonorant - a major class feature that characterizes all and only the 'singables: vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals.
 

65. Spread glottis - [SG] This feature distinguishes unaspirated from aspirated consonants. Aspirated consonants are [+SG]
 

66. Spreading - association of a feature to neighboring segments in autosegmental phonology.
 

67. Strident - The 'noisy coronal fricatives and affricates only in English [s, z ] are [+strident]
 

68. Syllabic - vowels and syllabic liquids and nasals. [i a 1 r m n]
 

69. Syllable - a unit of linguistic structure that consists of a nucleus -- usually a vowel -- and any segments that are associated with it. N=nucleus C=coda R=rhyme O=onset
 

70. Systematic gaps - Gaps in the occurring syllable structures of a language that result from the exclusion of certain sequences.
 

71. Tense - Expresses the tense-lax distinctions among vowels
 

72. Tiers - levels on which nodes and features are ranked that reflect their relation to each other.
 

73. Underlying (form) - In phonology, a form from which phonetic forms are derived by
rule.
 

74. Voice - All voiced sounds are [+voice]; all voiceless sounds are [-voice]