( )

(w)

(n)

(l) link

--specifies that both terms must occur in the same descriptor

--in some databases, it links descriptor headings and subheadings

a. either the complete heading of a single term from it is linked

to either the complete subheading or a single term from it

b. if only a single term is entered from either the heading or the

subheading, all headings (or subheadings) containing that

term are retrieved

--example:

? ss gold(l)adverse effects

Title and descriptors from Medline (File 155) record:

Gold-induced hypogammaglobullinaemia

Descriptors: *Agammaglobulinemia--Chemically Induced--CI;

*Gold--Adverse Effects--AE; Arthritis, Rheumatoid--Drug

Therapy--DT; Gold--Therapeutic Use--TU

(s) subfield

--specifies that both terms must occur in the same subfield

a. a given database may define a subfield as

--within the same sentence

--within the same paragraph

--within the same subfield

b. in fields that are not textual, a subfield is frequently separated

from other subfields in the record either by a semicolon or by

being on a separate line

--if used in a field in which it is not defined, retrieval will be from

the entire field as though the (f) connector were used

--example:

? ss color(s)pigment

Title and identifiers from CA Search (File 399) record:

Diffusion transfer photographic materials

IDENTIFIERS: diffusion transfer photog receptor sheet;

color photog receptor white pigment

(t)

--a special connector for use in the chemistry databases

--specifies that both chemical segments must be present in the same

word (or single term)

--example:

2 chemical segments in a single term from CA Search (File 399)

record:

? ss butyl(t)amine

Dibutylamine benzene system

(f) field

--specifies that both terms must occur in the same field, such as

a. text

b. descriptor

c. title

d. abstract

--when searching within a given field, it may not be the most

appropriate proximity connector to use

--example:

Title field from Pollution Abstracts (File 41) record:

? ss pollution(f)control

Control and management of industrial pollution

Searching Subfields: (s) vs. (f)

--if a field in a given database divided into subfields

a. (f) connector searches across subfields

b. (s) connector searches within each subfield

--e.g., title field may include subfields such as series title

a. using (f) connector and /ti field qualifier, terms may occur

in different parts of the field

--one in main title

--one in series title

b. using (s) connector and /ti field qualifier, terms must occur

within the same subfield

--main title (or)

--series title

c. examples:

To retrieve terms from anywhere in Title field:

? ss (america? and civilization)/ti (f) can replace "and"

s1 85261 America?/ti

s2 2429 civilization/ti

s3 508 (America? and civilization)/ti

Title field:

Revolution ; reflections on American equality and foreign

liberations / David Brion Davis

SERIES:

The Williams E. Massey, Sr. lectures in the history of

American civilization

To retrieve terms within a subfield of the Title field:

? ss america?(s)civilization/ti

s1 85261 america?/ti

s2 2429 civilization/ti

s3 476 america?(s)civilization/ti

Title field:

The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800 ; war, migration,

and the survival of an Indian people / by Colin G. Calloway

SERIES:

The Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 197

To retrieve terms from the same subfield in a full-text database:

? ss ethic?(s)accounting

s1 6592 ethic?

s2 10476 accounting

s3 46 ethic?(s)accounting

Record in a user-defined format, including Title and KWIC

(LC MARC, File 426):

Making education work. (Directions) (Special Issue:

Saving Our Schools)

...helped shape the curriculum--which, like a mini Wharton

School of Business, includes leadership and ethics courses. The

companies provide speakers on such topics as how the SEC

works. Summer internships are planned at local banks, travel

agencies, and accounting firms. Word is out that the program

works; about 125 new students have signed on...

--(s) connector also used more frequently for searching full-text

databases

a. ss ethic?(s)accounting/tx > search terms must appear in same

paragraph

b. ss ethics?(f)accounting/tx > search terms appear somewhere in

text field