HISTORY 593: STUDIES IN EUROPEAN DIPLOMATIC HISTORY

THE EASTERN QUESTION

 

Readings

J.A.R. Marriott, The Eastern Question: An Historical Study of European Diplomacy. Oxford University: The Clarendon Press, 1919.

TITLE, TABLE OF CONTENTS AND PREFACE

 

I. INTRODUCTORY. The Problem of the Near East.

 

II. PHYSICS AND POLITICS.

 

III. THE ADVENT OF THE OTTOMANS. Conquests in Europe.

 

IV. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: ITS ZENITH, 1453-1566. Suleiman the Magnificent.

 

V. THE DECADENCE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Contest with Venice and the Habsburgs .

 

VI. THE EASTERN QUESTION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Russia and Turkey, 1689-1792.

1. From the Treaty Of Carlowitz to the Treaty Of Belgrade, 1699-1739

2. From the Treaty Of Belgrade to the Treaty Of Kutschuk-Kainardji, 1739-1774.

3. Austro-Russian Alliance, 1775-1792

 

VII. NAPOLEON AND THE NEAR EASTERN PROBLEM.

1. West and East, 1797-1807

2. The Ottoman Empire and the Resurrection Of Serbia

3. Napoleon and Alexander

 

VIII. THE STRUGGLE FOR HELLENIC INDEPENDENCE .

 

IX. THE POWERS AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1830- 1841. Mehemet Ali Of Egypt.

 

X. THE CRIMEAN WAR

 

XI. THE MAKING OF ROUMANIA

 

XII. TEE BALKAN INSURRECTIONS. The Southern Slavs. The Russo-Turkish War. The Powers and the Eastern Question, 1856-1878.

 

XIII. THE BALKAN STATES, 1878-1898. The Making of Bulgaria. Modern Greece (1832-1898). The Cretan Problem.

 

XIV. A NEW FACTOR IN THE PROBLEM. German Policy in the Near East, 1888-1908.

 

XV. THE MACEDONIAN PROBLEM. Habsburg Policy in the Balkans. The Young Turk Revolution.

 

XVI. THE BALKAN LEAGUE AND THE BALKAN WARS.

 

XVII. EPILOGUE, 1914-1916

 

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Other Web Readings

• July 8: The Origins and Definition of the Eastern Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 1; Marriott, ch. 2.
  • Sowards Lecture 1: The Geography and Ethnic Geography of the Balkans to 1500
  • The Turks and the Rise of the Ottomans
  • Old Serbian Tales: Marko and the Turks, c. 1450
  • The 1456 Siege of Belgrade, By Tom R. Kovach
  • The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
  • The Liberation of Constantinople, 1453
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• July 9: The Traditional Middle East.
  • Marriott, ch. 3; Marriott, ch. 4.
  • Sowards Lecture 2: Comparing Eastern European and European history
  • Sowards Lecture 3: The Principles of Ottoman Rule in the Balkans
  • Eulogy of Istanbul
  • The Tribute of Children
  • Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq,The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562
  • A Visit to the Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent
• July 12: The Ottoman and Persian Empires in Decline.
  • Marriott, ch. 5.
  • Iran and the Eastern Question
  • The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question to 1908
  • The Ottomans
  • Paul of Aleppo on Wallachia in 1657
  • Ottoman Declaration of War on the Emperor Leopold, 20 February 1683
  • Raising the Siege of Vienna, John III Sobieski, King of Poland, 1683
  • The Siege of Vienna, 1683
  • Ottoman Fermans
  •  
• July 13: From Carlowitz to Belgrade.
  • Marriott, ch. 6, pt. 1.
  • Sowards Lecture 3: The Principles of Ottoman Rule in the Balkans
  • Sowards Lecture 4: Hungary and the Limits of Habsburg Authority
  • Dining With The Sultana, 1718
• July 14: From Belgrade to Kuchuk Kainardji.
  • Marriott, ch. 6. pt.2
  • Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772
• July 14: The Greek Project.
  • Marriott, ch. 6, pt. 3.
  • Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the United States and Morroco: 1786
  • Treaty of Peace and Amity Between the United States and Algeria September 5, 1795
• July 15: The Eastern Question During the Napoleonic Wars.
  • Marriott, ch. 7, pts. 1, 3.
  • The French Expedition to Egypt
  • The French Landing in Egypt
  • The Disaster at Acre
  • Aboukir and the Great Desertion
  • Nelson's Dispatch on the Battle of the Nile, Vanguard, off the Mouth of the Nile, 3 August 1798
  • The Battle of the Nile, E. Poussieulque, Comptroller-General of French Eastern Army, Rosetta, 17 Thermidor VI (3 August 1798)
  • The Battle of the Nile, Admiral Nelson to Admiral Earl Howe, Palermo, 8 January 1799
  • Sir William Eton: A Survey of the Turkish Empire, 1799
  • The Phanariots of Moldavia (1809)
• July 19: The Serbian Uprising.
  • Marriott, ch. 7, pt. 2.
  • Sowards Lecture 5: The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State
• July 20: The Greek Revolution and the Eastern Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 8.
  • Sowards Lecture 6: The Greek Revolution and the Greek State
  • The Treaty of London For Greek Independence, 6 July 1827
• July 21: Muhammad Ali and the Eastern Crises of 1830-1841.
  • Marriott, ch. 9.
  • Egypt and the Eastern Question
  • Muhammad Ali's Tax Inspectors
  • Firman of Appointment of Muhammad Ali as Pasha of Egypt
• July 22: Tanzimat and the Eastern Question
  • Marriott, ch. 9-10.
  • Algeria and the Eastern Question
  • Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Algeria June 30 And July 3, 1815
  • Treaty of Peace and Amity Between the United States and Algeria December 22 and 23, 1816
  • Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Morocco; September 16, 1836
  • Edward S. Creasey on Mahmud II and the Birth of Modern Turkey, 1808-1839
  • U.S.-Morocco Treaty of Peace 16 September 1836
• July 26: Crimean War and the Eastern Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 10.
  • Crimean War (1854-56), David Cody, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College
  • Sveaborg and the Crimean War
  • The Battle of the Alma, An Officer of the Coldstream Guards, Bivouac, River Alma, 21 September 1854
  • Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade," 1854
  • The Battle of Inkerman, Sergeant Turner, RMLI, 2 November 1854
  • The Seige of Sebastapol, New York Times, 17 November 1855
  • The Siege of Balaclava, Captain Colin Campbell to Francis Russell, 17 November 1854
  • The Siege of Balaclava, Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony Sterling, Highland Division, Balaclava, 10 January 1855
  • Speech in the House of Lords Defending His Conduct at Balaklava, Earl of Luccan, 19 March 1855
  • General Order after the Fall of Sebastapol, Prince Gortschakoff, Headquarters, Heights of Inkermann, 30 August 1855
  • Crimean War News Reports, New York Times, 19 October 1855
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• July 27: Europe and the Eastern Question 1857-1878
  • Marriott, ch. 11-12.
  • Sowards Lecture 7: Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867
  • Sowards Lecture 8: National Revival in Romania, 1848-1866
  • Romania and the Eastern Question
  • Lebanon and the Eastern Question
  • Convention between Great Britain and Morocco relative to a Loan to be raised in London by Morocco, signed at Tangier, 24 October 1861
  • Proclamation of the French Consul of Morocco (1862)
  • The Firman of Investiture of Charles Hohenzollern-Zingmaringen as Prince of Modavia and Wallchia, 26 October 1866
  • Zachary Stoyanoff on The Stara Zagora Uprising in Bulgaria (1875)
  • Count Andr·ssy to Count Beust, 30 December 1875  (Communicated to the Earl of Derby by Count Beust, January 3), "Correspondence Respecting Affairs in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Parliamentary Papers, 1876, vol.84.
  • Lord Odo Russell to the Earl of Derby on the Insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 1876
  • Letter of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer to Mr. William E. Gladstone, October 1, 1876
  • Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer to Mr. William E. Gladstone, October 1, 1876
  • Edward Pears on "The Massacre of Bulgarians" (1876)
  • Reports of the US Representative in Vienna, 1877
  • Letter of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer to Mr. William E. Gladstone, February 13, 1878
  • Letter of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer to Mr. William E. Gladstone, April 11, 1878
  • The Treaty of Berlin, 1878: Excerpts on the Balkans
• July 28: The Balkan States and Eastern Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 13.
  • Sowards Lecture 9: Economic and Social Changes in Balkan Life
  • Sowards Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question
  • Bulgaria and the Eastern Question
  • Cyprus and the Eastern Question
  • Charles Tuckerman on "The Greeks of Today" (1878)
  • Edward Dicey on Bulgarian Political Attitudes (1894)
  • The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar, 1878-1909.
  • The Serbian Revolution of 1903
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• July 29: Germany and the Eastern Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 14;
  • Fromkin, pp. 1-78
  • Sowards Lecture 12: Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Failure of Reform in Austria-Hungary
  • From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
  • Egypt and the Eastern Question
  • The Story of the Suez Canal, All the Year Round, January 8, 1876
  • International Convention on Morocco, 3 July 1880
  • The Earl of Cromer, Why Britain Acquired Egypt in 1882, (1908)
  • The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum
  • The Triple Alliance: 20 May, 1882
  • Life in Persia, 1885
  • The Reinsurance Treaty, June 18, 1887
  • The Franco-Russian Alliance Military Convention, August 18, 1892
  • The Bagdad Railway, 1899-1914.
  • Anglo-French Agreement on Egypt and Morocco, 8 April 1904.
  • The Anglo-Russian Entente, 1907
  • The Anglo-Russian Entente, Agreement on Persia, 1907
  • The Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, September - October, 1908
  • The Turkish Revolution of 1908-9
  • The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908
  • An English Account of the Young Turk Revolution (1908)
  • Biography Of Sultan Abdul Hameed The Second And The Fall Of The Islamic Khilafa
  • French German Agreement on Morocco, 9 February 1909
• August 2: The Macedonian Question.
  • Marriott, ch. 15;
  • Fromkin, pp. 79-118
  • Sowards Lecture 11: Macedonia and the Failure of Ottoman Reforms
  • Albania and the Eastern Question
  • Arthur D. Howden-Smith: An Attack on the Bashi-Bazouks, Macedonia, 1907
  • The Macedonian Question, 1878-1908.
  • The Macedonian Question, 1908-1912.
  • The Cretan Question, 1897-1908.
  • The Cretan Question, 1908-1913.
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• August 3: The Balkan Wars.
  • Marriott, ch. 16;
  • Fromkin, pp. 119-206.
  • Libya and the Eastern Question
  • Sowards Lecture 13: Serbian nationalism from the "Nacertanije" to the Yougoslav Kingdom
  • Sowards Lecture 14: Greek Nationalism, the "Megali Idea" and Venizelism to 1923
  • Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912.
  • Macedonian Muslims During the Balkan Wars
  • The Formation of the Balkan Alliance of 1912.
  • The Efforts of the Powers to Prevent the Outbreak of the First Balkan War.
  • The Treaty of London, 1913.
  • The Albanian Question in the Balkan Crisis of 1913.
  • The Establishment of the Principality of Albania, 1912-1913.
  • The Effort to Prevent Outbreak of the Second Balkan War, 1913.
  • The Treaty of Bucharest, August 10, 1913.
  • The Serbian Army During the Second Balkan War
  • The Greek Army and Bulgarian Peasants During the Second Balkan War
  •  
• August 4: World War I in the Near East to 1917
  • Marriott, ch. 17;
  • Fromkin, pp. 207-350
  • Sowards Lecture 15: The Balkan Origins of World War I
  • Serbia, Sarajevo and the Outbreak of World War I
  • The Projected Austrian Intervention in Serbia in 1913.
  • A Serbian account of the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
  • The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia: 23 July, 1914
  • Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914
  • British Imperial Connexions to the Arab National Movement, 1912-1914; Lord Kitchener, the Emir Abdullah, Sir Louis Mallet -- the Case of Aziz Ali, 1914
  • The Husain-McMahon Letters (excerpt),, 1915
  • The Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
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• August 5: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Fromkin, pp. 351-415
  • Sowards Lecture 16: The Legacies of 1917 and 1919.
  • From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
  • Iraq and the Eastern Question
  • Jordan and the Eastern Question
  • Lebanon and the Eastern Question
  • Palestine/Israel and the Eastern Question
  • The 27 Articles of T.E. Lawrence from The Arab Bulletin, 20 August 1917
  • The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917
  • Anglo-French Joint Statement on Aims in Syria and Mesopotamia, November 8, 1918
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• August 9: The Paris Peace Conference and the Eastern Question.
  • Fromkin, pp. 415-464.
  • The Arabs Plead for Freedom: Emir Feisal, Colonel Lawrence, and Gertrude Bell the Desert Queen
  • The Zionists and Ben Israel
  • King Nicholas of Montenegro and Essad Pasha of Albania: The Black Mountain Folk vs. the Sons of the Eagle
  • Fiume and Italy's Passion Week
  • Beetle-Browed Bratianu and the Rumanians
  • Greater Hellas and the Overseas Greeks
  • Armenian Disaster
  • With General Smuts to Southeastern Europe
  • The Sèvres Treaty: August 10, 1920
• August 10: Peace, Mandates and Revolution.
  • Fromkin, pp. 465-492.
  • From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
  • Interwar Turkey
• August 11: From the Near East to the Middle East.
  • Fromkin, pp. 493-568.
  • From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
  • Interwar Turkey
  • The Lausanne Treaty: July 24, 1923