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HISTORY 369: THE WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
SELECTED LECTURE OUTLINES.
Lectures #1-2: THE WORLD IN 1914--EUROPE AT THE APOGEE AND THE BRINK
Terms:
conscription trusts combustion Imperialism Boxer Rebellion
reserves monopolies diesel colonialism Spanish-American War
suffrage cartels Fabians concessions General staffs
mobilization corporations Bernstein Spheres of Russo-Japanese War
public schools Nobel Revisionism Influence reserve system
telephone Rockefeller Reformism Extra- Fashoda
photography Carnegie Social Democrat territoriality Moroccan Crises
motion pictures Krupp Anarcho- Protectorates Bosnia/
phonograph Rhodes syndicalism colonies Herzegovina
radio Marx Welfare dominions Tripolitanian War
mass-media Engles Internationals settler states Balkan Wars
Press electricity Social Security irridenta Dreadnoaught
Literacy railroads automoblie nationalism Arms Race
I. Growth of Democracy & Authority. IV. European Internationalism.
A) Suffrage. A) Positives.
B) Women's Rights. B) Negatives.
C) Education. V. The New Imperialism.
D) State Power. A) Intensification of Expansion.
II. Economic Changes. B) Types of Expansion.
A) The "2nd Industrial Revolution". C) Domination of Africa.
B) Agricultural Changes. D) Expansion in Asia & Pacific.
C) Trusts, Monopolies, Corporations. E) Conflicts Over Empire.
III. Social Changes. VI. Toward the First World War.
A) Affects of Industrial Revolution. A) Imperialism.
B) Science and Medicine. B) Nationalism.
C) Socialism & Worker's Parties. C) Militarism.
D) Labor Unions. D) The Alliance System.
E) Welfare & State Socialism. VII. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Section I.
Lecture #3: THE COURSE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND ITS AFFECTS.
Militarism Caucasus Front Russian Revolution I. The Outbreak of War.
Dreikaisarbund Gallipoli War Industries A) Dress Rehearsals.
Triple Alliance Caporetto Propaganda B) Diplomatic Crisis.
Triple Entente Sinai Front Education II. The War Spreads.
Bosnia-Herzegovina Lusitania Taxation A) Eastern Front.
Moroccan Crisis Zimmerman Bonds B) Western Front.
Tripolitanian War Romanovs Tientsing C) Balkan Front.
Balkan Wars Hapsburgs Japan D) New Participants.
Franz Ferdinand Hohenzollerns China III. Fortunes of War & Fall of Empires.
Young Bosnia Ottomans Marshalls A) The Russian Revolution.
Serbia Bolsheviks Gilberts B) United States & the War.
Galicia Lusitania East Africa C) Breakthrough & Armistice.
Tannenberg Zimmerman Freud IV. Affects of the War.
Mazurian Lakes Brest-Litovsk Existentialism A) Economic Collapse.
Western Froint Clemenceau Cynicism B) Social Dislocation.
Schlieffen Plan Lloyd-George Communism C) Political Instablility.
Marne Orlando Fascism D) The Growth of State Power.
Trench Warfare W. Wilson Jung E) Affects on Colonial Empires.
Salonika Front Inflation Music F) Cultural and Psychological Affects.
Mesopotamian Front Depression Art V. Conclusions
WEB READINGS: Section II.
Lecture #4: UNEASY PEACE AND UNSTABLE GOVERNMENTS, 1918-1933.
Terms: Outline:
Lusitania Reparations I. The Affects of the War.
Zimmerman note East Prussia A) Economic Collapse.
Romanovs Polish Corridor B) Social Dislocation.
Hapsburgs Saar C) Political Instablility.
Hohenzollerns Ruhr II. The Peace of Paris.
Ottomans Rhineland A) Paris (1919) & Vienna (1815).
Brest-Litovsk Tirol B) The Treaties.
Clemenceau Weimar C) International Security.
Lloyd-George Charles G. Dawes III. Conflicts after the First World War.
Orlando Little Entente A) The Russian Civil War.
W. Wilson Balkan Entente B) Nationalism & Communism.
Versailles Poland C) A New Europe
St. Germaine Czechoslovakia IV. The Search for Peace & Security.
Trianon Yugoslavia A) The French Alliance System.
Neuilly Belgium B) The Reintegration of Germany.
Sevres Ataturk C) Disarmament
Chanak Lenin D) The League of Nations.
Lausanne Cordone Sanitaire V. Political Instability & Economic Collapse.
Mandates Locarno A) Inflation & Recovery.
Alsace-Lorraine Rapallo B) Political Ferment
Bolshevism Kellogg-Bri& C) Depressions & Dictatorships.
WEB READINGS: Section III.
Lecture #5: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR.
TERMS: OUTLINE:
Georgyi Lvov Georgia I. Toward the February Revolution. VI. The Bolsheviks in Power.
Pavel Miliukov Armenia A) Deteriorating War Effort. A) Consolidation of Power.
Alex. Kerenski Azerbaijan B) Social & Political Instability. B) Revolutionary Acts.
Bolsheviks Czech Legion C) Economic & Social Distress. C) Internal Crises.
Mensheviks Brest-Litovsk D) February Revolution. VII. Intervention & Civil War -I.
SR's Murmansk II. Provisional Government & Soviets. A) Allied Motives.
Petrograd Soviet Archangel A) The Two Centers of Power. B) Red & White Forces.
Guards Regiments Odessa B) The Bolshevik Program. C) Internal & External Factors.
Kronstadt Vladivostok C) Government Crises. VIII. Intervention & Civil War - II.
Riga Anton Denikin D) Accomplishments. A) The Red Tide in Europe.
Alexei Brusilov Victor Chernov III. Social Affects of Revolution. B) The End of White Forces.
Lavr Kornilov A. Kolchak A) The Countryside. C) The Soviet Polish War.
Vladimir Lenin Bela Kun B) The Towns. IX. War Communism & N.E.P.
Leon Trotsky Petr Wrangel C) The Armed Forces. A) Economic Crises/Measures.
Politburo Josip Pilsudski D) The Nationalities. B) War Communism.
Red Guard Lavr Kornilov V. Why the Bolsheviks Won. C) The New Economic Policy.
Kronstadt Cordon Sanitaire X. Seeds of Totalitarianism.
Peter Krasnov Nestor Makhno
Avrora Curzon Line
Taurida Palace Symon Petliura
Rada Latvia
Enclosure Lithuania
Rasputin Estonia
Sovnarkom Finland
Cheka Bessarabia
Transcaucasia Odessa
Crimea
WEB READINGS: Section IV.
Lecture #6: FASCISM IN ITALY
Benito Mussolini jingoism
Chamber of Corporations Nationalism
Corporativism OVRA
Ethiopia Spanish Civil War
fasces Statism
Fascist Totalitarianism
Giacomo Matteotti Victor Emmanuel
I. Post-War Italy. III. Political Maneuverings.
A. Agricultural and Industrial Weakness. A. Repressive Measures.
B. Financial Crises. B. The Matteotti Incident.
C. Unemployment. C. One Party Rule.
D. Frustrated Foreign Policy. IV. Fascism-Theory and Practice.
E. Political Instability. A. Nationalism.
F. The March on Rome. B. Statism.
II. The Fascist Rise to Power. C. Corporativism.
A. Name and Symbol. D. Authoritarianism.
B. Organization and Tactics. E. Totalitarianism.
F. Imperialist Foreign Policy.
V. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Section V.
Lecture #7: WEIMAR GERMANY
Enabling Act gleichshaltung master race Social Democrats
Adolf Hitler Hindenburg Mein Kampf Spartacists
Anti-Communism Independent Socialists Munich Stormtroopers
Anti-Semitism Kaiser Wil1iam II NSDAP Sturmabteilung
Beer Hall Putsch Kapp Putsch National Socialist Party Versailles
brownshirts Kiel Nazi Von Papen
Catholic Center League of Nations People's party Volk
Dawes Plan Locarno Rapallo "war guilt" clauses
Depression Ludendorff Reichstag Weimar Constitution
encirclement Majority Socialists Ruhr Reichrat
I. The Collapse of Imperial Germany. V. Germany and the Depression
A. The Provsional Government. A. Political Repercussions.
B. The Socialists. . B. Elections of 1930 and 1932.
C. The Spartacist Revolt. C. The Mood in Germany.
D. The Weimar Government. VI. The Rise of the Nazis.
E. Right-Wing Putsches. A. Adolf Hitler.
F. Weaknesses of the Weimar Government. B. The Beer-Hall Putsch.
II. Economic and Social Distress. C. The Nazi Theories.
A. Inflation. D. The Nazi Program.
B. Economic effects of Inflation. E. Nazi Tactics and Appeal.
D. Political and Social effects of Inflation.
VI. Foreign Affairs of Weimar Germany. V. The Nazis come to Power.
A. The Rapallo Treaty. A. 1930 Elections & Political Jockeying.
B. The Russian Connection. B. Hitler Becomes Chancellor.
C. The Locarno Treaty. C. 1933 Elections & the Reichstag Fire.
D. The League of Nations. D. The Enabling Act.
VI. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Section VI.
Lecture #8: ENGLAND AND FRANCE.
I. Introduction.
II. Economic Problems.
A) Demobilization.
B) Disruption of Trade.
C) Indebtedness.
D) Depression.
II. British Interwar problems.
A) Unemployment Insurance.
B) Trade solutions.
C) Strikes.
D) Depression and Free Trade.
E) The Irish Question.
F) From Empire to Commonwealth.
G) Political measures.
H) Governments and Coalitions.
I) Effect on Foreign Policy.
III. French Interwar problems.
A) War Damages.
B) War casualties.
C) Reconstruction and Security.
D) Reparations.
E) French alliance System.
F) Social/Economic Strains.
G) Recovery and depression.
H) Governments and Coalitions.
V. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Section VII.
Lectures #9-10: CHINA AND JAPAN.
I. Introduction.
II. Affect of World War I on Japan.
A) Economic Expansion.
B) Territorial Expansion.
III. The Rise of Authoritarianism.
A) Parliamentary Government.
B) Authoritarianism and Imperialism.
C) Manchuria.
IV. China after World War I.
A) Social and Economic Problems.
B) The Spheres of Influence.
C) Warlordism.
D) Nationalist and Communists.
E)Kuomintang-Communist Alliance.
V. Japanese Aggression and Internal Politics.
A) The Long march.
B) Resumption of Cooperation.
C) Kuomintang Government in the 1930's.
VI. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Sections VIII-IX.
Lecture #11--THE UNITED STATES--THE ERA OF NORMALCY
I. The Return to Normalcy
A. The Harding Administration
1. Scandals in High Places
2. The Washington Conference
a) The Five Power Pact
b) The Four Power Pact
c) The Nine Power Pact
B. The Coolidge Administration
1. The Weaknesses of the League
2. The Failure of the Treaty of Versailles
3. The Kellogg-Briand Pact
II. The Prosperous Twenties
A. Culture and Society
1. Political Intolerance
2. Xenophobia
3. Religion and Sex
4. Lawlessness
B. The Stock Market Crash--October 24, 1929
WEB READINGS: Section X.
Lecture #12--THE UNITED STATES--THE DEPRESSION
I. Hoover Tries to Fight the Depression
A. Some Sobering Statistics
B. The "Bonus Army"
II. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the First New Deal
A. Financial Reforms to End the Banking Crisis
B. Relief for the Unemployed
C. Aid for the Recovery of Industry
D. Conservation of the Nation's Resources
E. The Second New Deal
F. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court
III. Evaluation and Critique of the New Deal
WEB READINGS: Section X.
Lectures #13-14: DEPRESSIONS, DICTATORSHIPS AND THE RISE OF THE AXIS.
Authoritarianism Mussolini Manchuria I. Growth of Totalitarianism. VI. Tide of Aggression.
Totalitarianism Blackshirts Ethiopia A) Definition. A) Manchuria & Ethiopia.
Ideology Red Guards Haile Selassie B) Social/Economic Factors. B) The Spanish Civil War.
Irredentism OVRA Loyalists C) Political Factors. C) Nazi Expansion,.
Marxist Corporativism Nationalists II. Rise of Soviet Russia. D) The War Erupts.
Bolshevik Weimar Francisco Franco A) Russian Revolutions. VII. Why Axis Aggression?
Communist Streseman Rhineland B) Civil War. A) Nationalism/ Militarism.
War Communism Hitler Volkdeutsch C) New Economic Policy. B) Propaganda
CHEKA National Socialism Anchluss D) Rise of Stalin. C) Economic Penetration.
Vladimir Lenin Sturmabteilung Sudetenland III. Rise of Fascist Italy. D) Diplomatic Maneuver.
Josef Stalin Brownshirts Czechoslovakia A) Mussolini & Fascism. E) Appeasement & Disunity.
Five-Year Plans Hindenberg Chamberlain B) Fascist State, 1922-1935.
Collectivization Gestapo Munich IV. Rise of Nazi Germany.
Forced Labor Schutzstaffel(S.S.) Danzig A) Weimar Germany.
NKVD Anti-Semitism Polish Corridor B) Hitler & National Socialism.
Cult of Personality Concentration Camps Fifth Column C) The Nazi State, 1933-1939.
Fascism Youth movements V. Common Denominators of Totalitarianism.
WEB READINGS: Sections XI-XII.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ON THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II:
1. We have discussed how World War I paved the way for a second major conflict by the international consequences of the Paris Peace Conference, how did the war create the internal conditions for the development of authoritarian and totalitarian movements in many European countries?
2. What are the common denominators of totalitarian regimes of the interwar period?
3. Do you believe that Nazism would have arisen in Germany without a Hitler, or Fascism in Italy without a Mussolini?
4. What would you say was the most important immediate cause of the Second World War?
5. Was there a point of no return following which Axis aggression could not be stopped short of large scale war?
6. Are we not judging from the benefit of hindsight in trying to say that war could have been averted indefinitely?
Lectures #15-16: WORLD WAR II AND THE ORIGIN OF THE COLD WAR.
Terms: Outline:
Blitzkrieg Indochina Atlantic Charter I. Blitzkrieg in Europe. V. Towards Victory.
"New Order" Pearl Harbor Teheran A) Phony War. A) Military Efforts.
Quisling Leningrad Churchill B) Initial Conquests. B) Diplomacy.
Maginot Line Moscow Stalin C) Fall of France. VI. Towards Cold War.
Romania Stalingrad Roosevelt D) Battle of Britain. A) Occupation Zones &
Hungary Urals Yalta E) Balkans & North Africa. Zones of Influence.
Yugoslavia Siberia Warsaw Uprising II. Trump Cards: US & USSR. B) Expansion of the
Greece El Alamein Curzon Line A) Nazi-Soviet Relations. Soviet Union.
Albania Morocco Oder-Neisse B) Axis Invasion of USSR. C) Division of Europe.
Bulgaria Algeria Elbe C) The US and the War. VII. Conclusions.
Estonia Partisans Potsdam III. The Tide of War Turns.
Latvia Collaborators Belorussia A) Axis Failure in Russia.
Lihuania Guerrillas Ukraine B) Axis Failure in N. Africa.
Finland Holocaust Truman VI. Occupation Europe.
8th Army Murmansk Hiroshima A) Axis & Puppet Regimes.
Afrika Korps Archangel Nagasaki B) Occupation Policies & Genocide.
Luftwaffe Iran Nuremberg C) Resistance & Reprisal.
RAF Second Front Normandy D) Allied War Effort & Europe.
Lend-Lease The Bulge Iron Curtain
WEB READINGS: Sections XIII-XIV.
DESTRUCTION OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
I. Deaths. 17,000,000 KIA, 18,000,000 civilians.
1) Soviet. 7.5 million military, 13 million civilian.
2) Chinese. 2.5 million to 13 million.
3) German. 3,000, 0000 military, 500,000 to 1,000,000 civilian
4) Japanese. 1.5 million military, 500,000 civilian
5) Italy. 400,000 military, 100,000 civilian
6) Britain and France. 400,000 military, 100,000 civilian each
7) The United States. 500,000 military, few thousand civilian
8) Poland. 300,000 military, 7 million civilians (3 million Jews).
9) Yugoslavia. 400,000 military, 1,000,000 civilian
10) Greece. 150,000 military, 500,000 civilian.
II. Displaced persons and refugees. 30,000,000.
1) German Volkdeutsch--9,000,000 from Poland, 3 million from Sudetenland, Baltic, elswhere.
2) Slave labor and concentration camp victims.
3) Repatriated collaborators.
4) Others.
III. Economic Destruction. 4,000,000,000,000. 4 trillion dollars
1) Thousands of Towns, villages destroyed. Battlegrounds, air attack, reprisal. Germany, Italy, Japan, Soviet Union.
2) Industrial complex, communications, transportation, resources, agriculture crippled.
3) Starvation, disease. cholera, typhus.
4) Widespread Destruction in China, Burma, Philippines, Japan in Asia.
Lecture #17: THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR.
I. The Super Powers. V. A Divided Germany.
A. United States. A) Yalta.
B. Soviet Union. B) The German State Treaty & the Two Germanies.
II. The United Nations. C) The Nuremberg trials.
A) Founding and Charter. VI. A Divided Europe.
B) General Assembly. A) The Eastern Bloc Emerges.
C) Security Council. B) Tito and Yugoslavia
C) Other Components. C) The "Iron Curtain."
D) Strengths. D) The Truman Doctrine.
E) Weaknesses. E) The Berlin Airlift.
F) Agencies. F) Western Europe and the Marshall Plan.
III. Nuclear Threat. VII. Opposing Defense Alliances.
A) The Atom Bomb A) The NATO alliance.
B) Soviet-American Rivalry. B) The Warsaw Pact.
C) The Hydrogen Bomb. VIII. Conclusion.
IV. Europe in Shambles.
A) Casualties
B) Displaced persons and refugees.
C) Economic Destruction.
D) Economic Misery.
WEB READINGS: Section XV.
Lectures #18-19: DECOLONIALIZATION IN ASIA AND AFRICA.
I. Introduction. VI. The Middle East, 1945-1960.
II. The British Commonwealth. A. The Arab League.
A. Canada. B. Palestine.
B. Australia and New Zealand. C. Israel.
C. India. D. Egypt and the Sudan.
E. Ceylon/Sri Lanka. E. Lebanon and Syria.
F. Malaya/Malaysia/Singapore. F. Jordan.
F. Burma. G. Iraq.
G. The Union of South Africa. H. Saudi-Arabia and Yemen.
III. The French and Dutch Empires. J. Iran.
A. French Indo-China VII. Decolonization in Africa, 1960-90.
(Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia). A. The Cold Coast.
B. Algeria and North Africa B. Nigeria.
(Morocco, Tunisia, Libya). C. Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya.
C. The Dutch East Indies/Indonesia. D. Malawi and Zambia.
IV. China. E. Former French Possessions.
A. The Chinese Civil War. F. The Congo (Zaire).
B. The Two Chinas. H. Southern Africa.
V. The United States and the Philippines. I. .Apartheid.
J. Ethiopia, Somalia, and Eritrea.
WEB READINGS: Sections XVI-XVII.
Lecture #20: CHINA AND SOUTH ASIA
I. CHINA SINCE 1949
A) Political Developments.
B) Economic Transformation of China
C) Social Change.
D) Foreign Relations.
II. The Indian Subcontinent.
A) Independence and partition, 1947-1956.
B) India
C) Pakistan and Bangladesh.
D) South Asian International Relations.
WEB READINGS: Section XVIII.
Lecture #21: EAST AND WEST EUROPE: STATE, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY OF POST-WAR EUROPE.
Terms: Outline:
Marshall Plan I. Destruction of the Second World War.
Truman Doctrine A) Casulaties.
Eastern Bloc B) Economic Destruction.
European Coal & Steel Community II. Economic Recovery.
European Atomic Energy Community A) Western Europe.
Common Market B) Eastern Europe.
European Free Trade Association C) Energy Problems.
Council of Mutual Economic Aid D) Economic Cooperation.
Comecon E) Political Integration.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization III. Social Change and Ferment.
Warsaw Treaty Organization. A) The Growth of Goverment.
Council of Europe B) Movements of Social Emancipation.
European Community C) Technology and Innovation.
European Parliament D) Migration and Demographic Changes.
Convergence E) Ecological Problems.
Self-Management IV. Twentieth Century Trends
"Socialism with a Human Face" A) Totalitarianism vs. Representative Government.
New Economic Mechanism B) New Phases of Industrialization.
Glasnost C) Changes in Culture.
Pereistroika D) Political Change.
WEB READINGS: Section XIX.
Lectures #22-25: THE END OF THE POST-WAR ERA.
Yalta Josif Broz Tito Algeria
Potsdam Greek Civil War Decolonialization I. The Eclipse of the European Powers.
Demobilization East Germany Arab-Israeli Conflicts A) The rise of the Super Powers.
United Nations Hungary Iran-Iraq War B) The Division of Europe.
Cold War Poland India C) Soviet Expansion and Western Response.
Allied Control Yugoslavia Pakistan D) Loss of Colonial Power.
Commisssions Croatia Advisors II. The Military Stakes of the Cold War.
Chinese Civil War Bosnia Special Forces A) The growth of strategic and tactical nuclear arms.
Korean War Slovenia Vietnam B) delivery systems.
Atomic Bomb Serbia Cuba C) Armed forces and the Balance of Terror.
Kiloton Montenegro Cyprus D) Social and Economic Affects.
Hydrogen Bomb Macedonia Northern Ireland III. Conflicts and Problems Outside of Europe.
Missles Bulgaria Nicarauga A) Decolonialization and "National Liberation Wars".
Jet aircraft Albania San Salvador B) International Conflicts in the Developing World.
Supersonic Kossovo Mozambique C) The Role of the Military in the Third World.
Weapons systems Romania Angola D) The Problems of Underdevelopment.
Heavy armor Moldova Namibia E) Models of Development--Central and Market.
Stategic/Tactical Ukraine South Africa F) Europe as a Paradigm.
nuclear arms Belorussia West Morocco IV. Changes and Problems in the Late Twentieth Century.
Balance of terror Armenia Chad Philippines A) The End of the Soviet Union & the Eastern Bloc.
Proliferation Azerbaijan Indonesia B) Recrudescent Nationalism.
Truman Doctrine Afghanistan Ethiopia Indo-China C) The United States & the Pacific Rim.
Cominform National Liberation Sudan Malaya D) Moves toward European Unity &World Response.
NATO Cambodia Yemen Intifada E) The End of History?
Warsaw Pact Juntas Lebanon Central Asia
WEB READINGS: Sections XX-XXIII.
Final Lectures #26-27: PROBLEMS OR PROSPECTS OF A NEW MILLENIUM.
I. The Enigmatic Past Century.
A. The Best of Times.
B. The Worst of Times.
II. Political Issues of the Future.
A. Regional and Global Peace.
B. Nationalism, Ideology and Armed Conflict.
C. The Role of Government.
D. The Pendulum of Technology--Freedom or Repression?
III. Economic Issues of the Future.
A. Technology and Innovation.
B. Ecological or environmental problems.
C. The Problem of Energy
D. Globalization of the Economy.
E. Disparities of Development.
F. The Role of the State in the Economy.
G. Economy and Society.
IV. Social Issues of the Future.
A. Population Pressures.
B. Migration and Demographic Changes.
C. Movments of Social Emancipation.
D. Societal Dysfunctions and the State.
E. Societal Dysfunctions and the Economy.
V. Cultural Issues of the Future.
A. Mass Media, Individual Media and Culture.
B. Religion and Traditional Culture.
C. Cultural Homogeneity.
D. Culture and Nationalism.
VI. Conclusions.
WEB READINGS: Sections XXIV-XXV.
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