The First Americans and Their Descendants

I. From Removal to Reservation

A. Andrew Jackson: Symbol of an Age

1. Jacksonian Democracy?

a. Jefferson’s Challenge, 1803

b. Jackson’s Economic Fortunes, 1787 and 1818

2. Policies and Laws Ignored

a. “Presidential Powerlessness”

--Battle of Horse Shoe Bend, 1814

--Removal as a Legitimate Action

--Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, 1802

B. The Lands-Allotment Strategy: The Choctaw Experience

1. Choctaw Treaty, 1805

--Choctaws as farmers

--Choctaws as communalists

--Choctaws as stockraisers

2. The Treaty of Dancy Rabbit Creek, 1830

a. Mississippi State Legislature abolishes the sovereignty of

the Choctaw Tribe

b. Federal commissioners seek Choctaw lands

c. The “legality” of the land allotment program

d. Mass Emigration, 1831: Lesser of Two Evils

C. The Treaty Strategy: the Cherokees Trail of Tears

1. Tremors

a. Georgia legislature dispossess the Cherokee Tribe

b. Cherokees refuse to leave

c. Federal government refuses to enforce federal laws

d. Individual Cherokees sell lands for $3.2 million

e. An invalid and fraudulent treaty

2. Trail of Tears, 1838

a. Internment Camps

b. Death Toll

D. Where the Buffalo No Longer Roams

1. Pawnee Indians and the Buffalo

a. Plains Indians

--Cheyenne

--Arapaho

--Kiowa

--Sioux

--Pawnees

b. Buffalo and Corn

2. Invasion

a. The Fur Trade

b. Railroads

c. White Settlement

3. Indian Appropriation Act, 1871

a. Past Treaties are Invalidated

b. Pawnees and Sioux at War

c.

II. The “Indian Question: From Reservation to Reorganization

A. Wounded Knee: The Significance of the Frontier in Indian History

1. Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis

2. Wovoka of the Prairies

--Ghost Dance

--”bullets Won’t Hurt”

3. The Massacre at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1890

--Sitting Bull

--Big Foot

--Hotchkiss Guns

B. The Father of the Reservation System

1. A New Solution to an Old Problem

a. Francis Anasa Walter, Commissioner of Indian Affairs

b. Civilization of the Savages

c. Social Engineering: Reservations

--Total Assimilation

--Preparation for Civilization

C. Allotment and Assimilation

1. Dawes Act, 1887

a. 160-acre land allotments

b. Unused Land Sold to Whites

c. The Demise of the Tribal System

2. Lands Taken Away

a. Millions Go to Whites

b. transfer act, 1902

c. Burke Act ,1906

d. Supreme Court ruling, 1903

D. The Indian New Deal: Remaking Native America

1. Indian Reorganization Act, 1934

2. The Navajo Tribe

III. Mexican-Americans

A. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

B. “Occupied America”